Sustainable development of the society and regions has been an essential topic over the last decades. Uncontrolled management of hazardous substances may lead to contamination of ecosystems and damage for human health. Therefore, the author argues that a proper management strategy for hazardous waste is one of the key components for sustainable development. However, in the practice of hazardous waste management there are various parties involved: enterprises, governmental organizations, and research institutions. This means that actions and interplay between these various parties can positively affect the whole system or can create the place where the best practices and innovations cannot spread. The theory on interplay between governmental institutions, research facilities, and industry branches is known as the Triple helix approach. This approach postulates a triadic relationship among university–industry–government in order to move towards knowledge society and innovations. The aim of the present Doctoral Thesis is to transfer and approbate the Triple helix approach in the field of hazardous waste management in Latvia. In order to reach the aim, the following tasks have been set: to link university and government by developing a novel forecast and quantification model of hazardous waste streams; to link university and industry by case studies using the design of experiments methodology; to link government and industry by the novel methodology based on IPAT identity; to apply holistic approach for the studies of an integrated university–industry–government interaction using the system dynamics modelling tool. The Doctoral Thesis is based on eight thematically unified scientific publications. They have been published in various scientific periodicals and are accessible in scientific information repositories and citable international databases. The aim of the presented publications is to expand the range of studies on hazardous waste management. In the introduction, the study goals and tasks are defined, the structure of the Thesis is explained, and a short description of the author’s studies is given covering both the main publications and other studies regarding the analysis of hazardous waste management. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the literature and focuses on the necessary studies regarding the aspects of hazardous waste management system and the improvement thereof as examined in the main publications. Chapter 2 examines the methodologies of the issues studied in the main publications. The results obtained in the study and the analysis there of are presented in Chapter 3. Conclusions are presented at the end of the Thesis.