The monograph presents the analysis of exploitation defects of elements of aviation constructions, drawing special attention to the danger caused by fatigue damage and its development. The authors of the monograph have done comparative analysis of the assessment methods of technical diagnostics and remaining resources of aviation construction and are offering a mathematical model of fatigue damage assessment of metallic materials. The developed assessment method can be applied for scientific as well as for practical purposes when testing fatigue and remaining durability not only of aviation equipment but also in other fields of mechanical engineering: automobile, rail and sea transport, space equipment, etc. The monograph is intended for specialists working in the field of mechanical and transportation engineering, for researchers, doctoral, master and bachelor students who are studying mechanical and transportation engineering.