The Doctoral Thesis is a collection of thematically related scientific publications. The research focused on the modification of heterocyclic quinones with nucleophiles. Structural studies of the resulting derivatives were performed in both solid state and in solution. Techniques employed included X-ray crystallography analysis, FTIR, NMR and UV spectroscopy methods as well as quantum chemical calculations. The optical and electrochemical properties of synthesized compounds were investigated and compared. Cathode materials were prepared from selected quinone derivatives, and their redox behavior in aqueous electrolytes was evaluated.