This doctoral thesis is dedicated to simulation-based analysis of supply chains dynamics aimed at increasing their planning and management effectiveness in a stochastic operation environment. To reach the goal defined, a methodology for the simulation of one-product inventory control systems that operate in a customer-oriented market is elaborated for simulation model development and analysis. The methodology elaborated differs from the general simulation methodology in the integration of character traits of inventory control systems operation, which considerably simplifies development and application of a simulation model of an inventory control system. The significance of uncertainty factors in supply chain planning and management is analysed in the thesis, as well as statistics and probability theory based analytical methods are developed to quantify supply chain operation stability in the environment, where the main cause of uncertainty is a customer demand. Approbation results of the developed and simulation-based methods are compared with a view to analysing their application advantages and disadvantages. The performed analysis of several possibilities of supply chain operation stabilisation in the environment with an uncertain customer demand and lead time allows one to conclude about application effectiveness of the centralised information sharing strategy and the impact of different inventory control strategies on the supply chain operation stability measure – bullwhip effect value. Approbation of the one-product inventory control system simulation methodology has resulted in the development of a simulation model of the inventory control system with service-dependent demand. The model developed simulates highly dynamic and competitive inventory control system that corresponds to modern market requirements. Proposals for improving inventory control system operation are developed considering the dependency between the service level achieved and market demand, as well as adjusting the significant system control parameters. The proposals are based on the results of the simulation-based study performed.