Impact of Dominican and Franciscan Monastery Complexes on Urban Planning Development in the Livonia Confederation and the State of the Teutonic Order
Landscape Architecture and Art 2018
Silvija Ozola

The Augustinians (Latin: augustiniani) lifestyle was determined by the Regula Sancti Augustini, developed in compliance with St. Augustin’s concept, created in the 8th century. In the 9th century, the Regula Sancti Augustini was supplemented with a condition that monks have to live together in monasteries. Augustinians preached that the power of the church is dominant over the secular and invited to eradicate the ones who thought in a different way. In cities there were no places for worship, and inhabitants had to travel far in order to reach a monastery (Latin: abbatia) or church outside the city. In North Germany, in the first half of the 12th century, Augustinians founded monasteries’ schools for sons of noble families. In 1183, in the nearby Bexhövede Village foundations were laid for St. John the Baptist’s Church, for whose building the permit was given. The church was consecrated by Bremen Archbishop Siegfried I (Siegfried von Anhalt; around 1132–1184). Albrecht von Buxthoeven (Latin: Adalbertus Canonicus Rigensis; 1165–1229) [4, 348], who participated in the church foundation, started here his clergy journey, but, after becoming Bishop of Riga, he laid the foundation-stone for Riga Cathedral in a solemn ceremony on July 25, 1211. In 1214, Augustinian Canon Domenico di Guzmán (1170–1221) and some monks in Toulouse founded the religious organization the Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) or the Dominican Order. In Rome on the Aventine Hill (Latin: Collis Aventinus) the Dominicans main church – Basilica of Santa Sabina at the Aventine (Italian: Basilica di Santa Sabina; 422–432) was consecrated. In the 10th century a belfry close by basilica was built. Dominicans (predigêre, Latin: praedicatores), which were not allowed to own secular properties, did not look for seclusion, they worked in cities, where monasterys were established and followers were attracted, care of the poor and sick was taken, and it was considered that monasterys did not need any riches. Monks had to provide their subsistence with work, but if it was not sufficient, they had to ask for alms. Dominican monasteries built for the Baltic land subjugation were the place of residence for monks in order to bring urban population to Christianity and to promote their education. In Italy on the River Arno south bank a piece of land was donated for the monastery formation, and in 1252 Holy Trinity Bridge (Italian: Ponte Santa Trinita) was built in order to make the sparsely populated place more accessible. Construction of the monastery and basilica began, and San Romolo Church was included in the complex. In 1287, the Regula Sancti Augustini was approved for the Monastery of the Holy Spirit. In Florence the education centre was created. In front of the basilica a public square was made, but in the middle of the 14th century the complex of the Holy Spirit was included the first big Augustinian monastery [17, 62]. In 1211, in Akona the Italian poet Giovanni Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone (1182–1226) started his missionary work. He, following the call to become a Catholic monk, refused form material goodies in order to dedicate his life to God and fight for the main values of the faith – simplicity, pure-mindedness, humbleness and love to all God’s beings. He founded the Franciscans Order and wrote the Regula Bulata (1209), which Pope (1198–1216) Innocentius III confirmed in 1223. On March 18, 1212 Franciscus Assisiensis (Italian: Francesco d'Assisi) and Clara Assisiensis (1193–1253), born in Italian city Assisi (Latin: Asisium), founded a branch of the Order for women – the poor sisters’ Order of Saint Clare (Latin: Ordo Sanctae Clarae). People obtained a spiritual power supply, but the monks-beggars’ monasteries in the medieval urban building became more and more important [18, 404]. Franciscan monasteries built for the Baltic land subjugation were the place of residence for monks in order to bring the urban population to Christianity, the churches became accessible to inhabitants of town. There were also secondary prayer places in monastery church, and near – a cemetery too.


Atslēgas vārdi
Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Livonia, monastery church, State of the Teutonic Order
DOI
10.22616/j.landarchart.2018.12.08
Hipersaite
http://llufb.llu.lv/Raksti/Landscape_Architecture_Art/2018/LLU_Landscape_Architect_Art_Vol_12_2018-77-85.pdf

Ozola, S. Impact of Dominican and Franciscan Monastery Complexes on Urban Planning Development in the Livonia Confederation and the State of the Teutonic Order. Landscape Architecture and Art, 2018, Vol.12, No.12, 76.-84.lpp. ISSN 2255-8632. e-ISSN 2255-8640. Pieejams: doi:10.22616/j.landarchart.2018.12.08

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